NCB (No Claims Bonus) - Also known as NCD (No Claims Discount)... By far one of the biggest factors that determines your final premium is your NCB, or No Claims Bonus, as this will give a good indication of whether you are deemed to be a high or low risk.
Age... Quite possibly the second biggest part of the equation when determining how much your premium is, your age will determine(in the eyes of a car insurance company) whether you're likely to crash your car within 2 weeks of taking out a policy. Young male drivers are very heavily penalised because they are perceived to have a high ratio of claims that are total write offs due to inexperience or driving and general recklessness.
PenaltyPoints... Speeding points used to be a big black mark on your car insurance record, but with the proliferation of speed cameras throughout the UK, most car insurance companies are well aware that one or two speeding fines doesn't make you a high risk. That being said, new legislation that promises to punish speeders with more points based on how much over the speed limit they drive could affect this in the future.
Your Car. Not unsurprisingly, the car your drive tends to have the largest effect on your car insurance. If you drive an F reg ford fiesta valued at £500, the insurance company isn't going to have to pay a lot out in the event of a total write off. However, a Bugatti Veyron valued at over £800,000 is going to cost a lot to replace and therefore will cost a LOT more to insure (as Jeremy Clarkson found out when he tried to insure one with Norwich Union recently... "No, it's not a Rover"
Where You Live. Car insurance companies are very wary of expensive cars in high crime areas, insuring a brand new BMW M3 is going to cost a lot more in Hull than a little country village because the likelihood of it being stolen is much higher.